Alfonso V of Aragon 1396-1458

Renaissance King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, Corsica & Sicily

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 1463-1494

Renaissance philosopher, studied the Hebrew Kabbalah. Related to Este, Sforza & Gonzaga

Edward Montagu 1485-1557

Ancestor of the Dukes of Montagu & Manchester and the Earls of Sandwich

Ignatius of Loyola 1491-1556

Marrano Jew, founded the Society of Jesus. Religious leader during Counter-Reformation

Charles V 1500-1558

Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor & King of Spain, oversaw Americas colonization

William Grey 1509-1562

Baron Grey de Wilton, military commander serving in France under the Earl of Bedford

Giulia Gonzaga 1513-1566

Italian oligarch of the Renaissance, wife of Vespasiano Colonna Duke of Traetto

Catherine de' Medici 1519-1589

Queen consort of France as wife of King Henry II of France

Eleanor of Toledo 1522-1562

Daughter of Duke of Alba, wife of Cosimo de' Medici, mother of Dukes of Tuscany

Richard Bingham 1528-1599

English soldier & naval commander during the Tudor conquest of Ireland

Elizabeth I 1533-1603

Queen of England, established Church of England's independence from Rome

Joanna of Austria 1547-1578

Wife of Francesco I de' Medici, mother of Marie de' Medici

Henry of Navarre 1553-1610

First monarch of the House of Bourbon in France. 1st Huguenot King

James I 1566-1625

King of England, united the English, Scottish and Irish crowns

Karl I of Liechtenstein 1569-1627

1st Prince of Liechtenstein, founder of the Princely Family of Liechtenstein

Josephus Coymans 1591-1677

Merchant from the rich International banking Coymans family of Antwerp

Elisabeth of France 1602-1644

Daughter of Henry of Navarre and Marie de' Medici. 1st wife of King Philip IV of Spain

William Russell 1616-1700

1st Duke of Bedford, carried the sceptre at the coronation of William III of Orange

John Evelyn 1620-1706

English writer and diarist, co-founder of the Royal Society

Archibald Campbell 1629-1685

Earl of Argyll, took part in the Monmouth rebellion, fellow of the Royal Society

Christopher Wren 1632-1723

Founder & president of the Royal Society, Freemason

Ralph Montagu 1638-1709

1st Duke of Montagu, of the famous Montagu family

Isaac Newton 1642-1727

English intellectual, Royal Society, one of the most influential people in history

Jonathan Trelawny 1650-1711

A British Bishop of Bristol, Exeter and Winchester. Supported William III

James Bertie 1653-1699

1st Earl of Abingdon, son of Montagu Bertie the 2nd Earl of Lindsey

Charles Montagu 1661-1715

Devised the establishment of the Bank of England. 1st First Lord of the Treasury

Sophia Dorothea of Hanover 1666-1726

Wife and cousin of George I of Great Britain, and mother of George II

Frederick Augustus I 1670-1733

Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania

Spencer Compton 1673-1743

1st Earl of Wilmington, Prime Minister of Great Britain and 1st Lord of the Treasury

John Manners 1676-1721

2nd Duke of Rutland, son of John Manners of the 'Glorious Revolution'

James Craggs 1686-1721

Acquaintance of King George I while in Hanover, accompanied him to England

John Wesley 1703-1791

Church of England cleric, founder of the Methodist movement

Thomas Gray 1716-1771

English poet, classical scholar and professor at Cambridge University

John Adams 1735-1826

2nd President of the United States and negotiator of the peace treaty with U.K

Francis Asbury 1745-1816

1st bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States

Wolfgang von Goethe 1749-1832

German writer, served the duchy of Saxe-Weimar, member of the Illuminati

John Marshall 1755-1835

Chief Justice of the United States, developed the American legal system

Joseph Fesch 1763-1839

French cardinal, closely associated with the family of Napoleon Bonaparte

Christian VIII of Denmark 1786-1848

King of Denmark and Norway of the House of Oldenburg

Miguel of Portugal 1802-1866

King of Portugal of the House of Braganza and Knight of the Order of Christ

Napoleon III 1808-1873

1st President of the French Republic and Emperor of the French

Alexander III of Russia 1845-1894

Emperor of Russia of the House of Oldenburg from 1881 until his death in 1894

Marsilio Ficino 1433-1499

Philosopher, priest and homosexual of the early Italian Renaissance, worked for de' Medici's

Giles of Viterbo 1469-1532

Cardinal of Catholic Church. Studied the Kabbalah and Jewish mysticism

Catherine of Aragon 1485-1536

1st wife of King Henry VIII of England, sparked England's break from Rome

Clarice de' Medici 1493-1528

Granddaughter of Lorenzo de' Medici. Educated Catherine, the future Queen of France

Ferdinand I 1503-1564

Holy Roman Emperor, Habsburg, supported the Society of Jesus

Francis Borgia 1510-1572

4th Duke of Gandia, third Superior General of the Society of Jesus

Philip Neri 1515-1595

Italian priest, worked for the de' Medici family and supported Henry of Navarre

Cosimo I de' Medici 1519-1574

Duke of Florence, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Restored power in Florence

James Douglas 1525-1581

4th Earl of Morton and regent of Scotland, supported the Reformation

Maria of Spain 1528-1603

Daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I & wife of Maximilian II

Edward VI 1537-1553

King of England, educated by his fathers sixth wife Catherine Parr like his sister

Miguel de Cervantes 1547-1616

Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. Jewish Marrano and educated by the Jesuits

Cesar de Nostredame 1553-1629

Son of French astrologer and occultist Michel de Nostredame (Nostradamus)

Francis de Sales 1567-1622

Saint in the Roman Catholic Church. Protestant sympathiser, educated by Jesuits

Robert Fludd 1574-1637

English occultist, astrologer, mathematician and Hermetic writer

Isaac Commelin 1598-1676

Dutch historian for the Orange family and the Dutch East India company

Carel Reyniersz 1604-1653

Dutch Admiral and merchant. Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies

Johan van Riebeeck 1619-1677

Dutch East India Company colonial administrator & founder of Cape Town

Johan de Witt 1625-1672

Grand Pensionary of Holland, tutored a young William III of Orange

Christiaan Huygens 1629-1695

Dutch mathematician. Founder of modern Calculus, Royal Society

Gaspar Fagel 1634-1688

Grand Pensionary of Holland, tutored and supported William III of Orange

William Cavendish 1640-1707

1st Duke of Devonshire, strong supporter of the Glorious Revolution & William III

Henry Darnall 1645-1711

Proprietary Agent of Baron Baltimore. Granddad of Charles Carroll of Carrollton

William III 1650-1702

King of England, Prince of Orange. Came to power after the "Glorious Revolution"

George Churchill 1654-1710

Younger brother of the Duke of Marlborough. Supported William III

Joseph Sabine 1661-1739

General in 9 Years' War, War of Spanish Succession & Jacobite Rebellion

George Delaval 1667-1723

English naval admiral and diplomat. Fought in the War of the Spanish Succession

Joseph Addison 1672-1719

English playwright and poet, worked for John Somers and Charles Montagu

Charles Townshend 1674-1738

2nd Viscount Townshend, Secretary of State, Fellow of the Royal Society

John Campbell 1678-1743

2nd Duke of Argyll, Scottish soldier, helped secure Hanoverian succession

Thomas Pelham-Holles 1693-1768

1st Duke of Newcastle, Prime Minister of Great Britain & Secretary of State

Frederick, Prince of Wales 1707-1751

Duke of Edinburgh, eldest son of George II and father of George III

Christopher Smart 1722-1771

English poet, notorious member of the Freemasons and Masonic author

Josias of Saxe-Coburg 1737-1815

Austrian general and Lieutenant Field Marshal in the Seven Years' War

Tadeusz Kościuszko 1746-1818

Polish-Lithuanian aristocrat and general in the American Revolutionary War

Ferdinand I of Two Sicilies 1751-1825

King of Naples & Sicily, of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Alexander Hamilton 1755-1804

1st U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, founded U.S. Mint & 1st National Bank

Ferdinand III 1769-1824

Grand Duke of Tuscany of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Robert Peel 1788-1850

Prime Minister of the U.K, created the modern concept of the police force

Sophie of Bavaria 1805-1872

Mother of Franz Joseph Emperor of Austria & Maximilian Emperor of Mexico

Otto of Greece 1815-1867

First modern King of Greece under the protection of the U.K, France and Russia

Theodore Roosevelt 1858-1919

President of the United States, Freemason, imperialist

Lorenzo de' Medici 1449-1492

One of the wealthiest men in Europe, patron of Marsilio Ficino & Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Alfonso I d'Este 1476-1534

Duke of Ferrara, of the House of Este during the Italian Wars

Archibald Douglas 1489-1557

Scottish Earl of Angus, ally of Henry VIII, consolidated the Douglas families power

Francis I 1494-1547

France's first renaissance monarch. Gave rise to the Protestant Reformation

Isabella of Portugal 1503-1539

Holy Roman Empress, wife of Charles V, daughter of Manuel I of Portugal

James V of Scotland 1512-1542

King of Scotland, raised by Archibald Douglas Earl of Angus, ally of Francis I

Nicholas Throckmorton 1515-1571

Royal diplomat, worked for Elizabeth I, supported Reformation

William Cecil 1521-1598

Baron Burghley, chief advisor of Queen Elizabeth I, founder of the Cecil dynasty

Philip II 1527-1598

King of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Sicily of the House of Habsburg

Robert Dudley 1532-1588

Earl of Leicester of the famous Dudley family. English diplomat

Francis Drake 1540-1596

English sea captain and slave trader. Provoked the Spanish Armada

Ferdinando I de' Medici 1549-1609

Grand Duke of Tuscany, gained great wealth through Medici banks

Walter Raleigh 1554-1618

English Protestant aristocrat, explorer and populariser of tobacco in England

Maurice of Nassau 1567-1625

Stadtholder, Prince of Orange, foremost general of the 80 years war

Philip III 1578-1621

Habsburg King of Spain & Portugal. Married his cousin

Anne of Austria 1601-1666

Queen of France, mother of Louis XIV of France & Philippe I Duke of Orleans

John Milton 1608-1674

English poet, propagandist and official serving under Oliver Cromwell

Henry Oldenburg 1619-1677

Foremost spy in 17th century Europe, 1st Secretary of the Royal Society

Robert Boyle 1627-1691

Founder of modern Chemistry, Royal Society, son of 1st Earl of Cork

Arthur Capell 1631-1683

Earl of Essex, Protestant supporter of William III of Orange

William Douglas-Hamilton 1634-1694

Duke of Hamilton, granted the Scottish crown to William III of Orange

Philippe I of Orleans 1640-1701

Founder of House of Orleans, ancestor of most modern-day Catholic royalty

John Cecil 1648-1700

Earl of Exeter, known as Lord Burghley, supported William III of Orange

William Randolph 1650-1721

Colonist, ancestor of Thomas Jefferson and Cheif Justice John Marshall

James Blair 1656-1743

Church of England missionary & founder of the College of William & Mary

Simon Harcourt 1661-1727

1st Viscount Harcourt, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain. Arranged the union with Scotland

Samuel Vetch 1668-1732

Protestant colonial governor of Nova Scotia, involved in Monmouth Rebellion

Charles Lennox 1672-1723

1st Duke of Richmond, illegitimate son of King Charles II and a Freemason

Richard Temple 1675-1749

1st Viscount Cobham, British soldier, political mentor to the young William Pitt

George II 1683-1760

King of Great Britain and Ireland, gave rise to British government power

Henry Pelham 1694-1754

Prime Minister of Great Britain & Chancellor of the Exchequer

Robert Livingston 1708-1790

3rd Lord of Livingston Manor, grandson of Robert Livingston the Elder

Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc 1725-1797

70th Prince and Grand Master of the Order of Malta from 1775 to 1797

George III 1738-1820

King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Leopold II 1747-1792

Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary & Bohemia & Grand Duke of Tuscany

Maria Luisa of Parma 1751-1819

Queen consort of Spain & daughter of King Louis XV of the House of Bourbon

José Álvarez de Toledo 1756-1796

Duke of Medina Sidonia & Alba de Tormes, husband of the Duchess of Alba

Augustus of Saxe-Gotha 1772-1822

Duke of Saxe-Gotha, grandfather of Albert, Prince Consort of Queen Victoria

Pope Pius IX 1792-1878

Longest reigning Pope in history, centralized the Church in the Vatican

Joseph Smith 1805-1844

American religious leader and the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement

Pedro II of Brazil 1825-1891

Emperor of Brazil, reigned for over 58 years, Grand Master of Order of Christ

Wilhelm II 1859-1941

Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia, grandson of Queen Victoria

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506

Marrano Jewish explorer, aided by Marranos Louis de Santangel and Antonio de Marchena

Martin Luther 1483-1546

Initiated the Protestant Reformation, funded by Frederick III of Saxony of the House of Wettin

Vittoria Colonna 1490-1547

Italian Protestant, daughter of Fabrizio Colonna of the powerful Colonna family

Eleanor of Austria 1498-1558

Habsburg Infanta of Castile, wife of Manuel I of Portugal & Francis I of France

Gemma Frisius 1508-1555

Dutch cartographer and philosopher, taught occultist John Dee at the University of Leuven

Catherine Parr 1512-1548

Protestant, Henry VIII's sixth wife. Restored Elizabeth to line of succession

James Hamilton 1516-1575

Earl of Arran, great grandson of James II of Scotland. Supported Reformation

Christina of Denmark 1521-1590

Queen of Denmark, Norway & Sweden, wife of Francesco II Sforza, Duke of Milan

Maximilian II 1527-1576

Holy Roman Emperor, member of the House of Habsburg

John Hawkins 1532-1595

Shipbuilder, naval commander and slave trader. 2nd cousin of Francis Drake

Francesco I de' Medici 1541-1587

Grand Duke of Tuscany, continued the heavy taxation of his subjects

Francesco della Rovere 1549-1631

Duke of Urbino, related to Este, de' Medici and Farnese dynasties

Philip Sidney 1554-1586

English Poet and soldier, nephew of Robert Dudley

Gerard Reynst 1568-1615

A founder of the Dutch East India Company, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies

Hendrik Brouwer 1581-1643

Dutch East India Company colonial administrator in Japan & Dutch East Indies

John Berkeley 1602-1678

Wealthy English royalist soldier, brother of William Berkeley governor of Virginia

Richard Boyle 1612-1698

2nd Earl of Cork, Lord High Treasurer of Ireland like his millionaire father

Rupert of the Rhine 1619-1682

Duke of Bavaria & Cumberland. 1st Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company

Henry Howard 1628-1684

Duke of Norfolk and Earl Marshal, gave his library to the Royal Society

Cyril Wyche 1632-1707

Lawyer & politician, original member of the Royal Society

Charles Calvert 1637-1715

3rd Baron Baltimore & Proprietary Governor of Maryland

Henry de Nassau 1640-1708

Lord Overkirk, son of Maurice of Nassau and 2nd cousin of King William III of England

James Scott 1649-1685

Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of Charles II, led the Monmouth Rebellion

John Somers 1651-1716

Chief architect of English union with Scotland and the Protestant succession

Thomas Bruce 1656-1741

2nd Earl of Ailesbury & 3rd Earl of Elgin, a Lord of the Royal Bedchamber

William Cowper 1665-1723

1st Earl Cowper, 1st Lord Chancellor of Great Britain, supported William III

Charles Beauclerk 1670-1726

1st Duke of St Albans, illegitimate son of King Charles II

William Cavendish 1672-1729

2nd Duke of Devonshire, served as Lord President of the Council

Frederick I of Sweden 1676-1751

King of Sweden & Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, founder of the order of Seraphim

Charles VI 1685-1740

Holy Roman Emperor of the House of Habsburg. Father of Maria Theresa

William Cavendish 1698-1755

3rd Duke of Devonshire, most recent common ancestor of Charles & Diana

George Whitefield 1714-1770

English Anglican priest, active in the British North American colonies

Prince Hall 1735-1807

Founder of “Black Freemasonry” or Prince Hall Freemasonry in the USA.

Joseph II 1741-1790

Holy Roman Emperor, first ruler of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine in Austria

Thomas Coke 1747-1814

Father of Methodist Missions, continued John Wesley's work in America

Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 1755-1841

French politician, member of the National Convention during the French Revolution

Horatio Nelson 1758-1805

1st Viscount Nelson & 1st Duke of Bronte, British flag officer in Napoleonic Wars

Henry Vassall-Fox 1773-1840

3rd Baron Holland & Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

Adolphe Thiers 1797-1877

French politician, Prime Minister & President of the French Republic

Giuseppe Garibaldi 1807-1882

Italian revolutionary & Freemason, Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy

Edward VII 1841-1910

King of the United Kingdom, of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Adolf Hitler 1889-1945

Leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, head of state of Germany